The effects of overhand throwing training on the muscular functions in people with Down syndrome: A kinetics and electromyographic approach

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Ph.D student in Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

2 Professor in Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran

3 Assistant Professor in Dep. of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Islamic Azad University of Mashhad, Iran

4 Assistant Professor in Dep. of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran

Abstract

Background: The reason of using the abnormal muscular functions by people with Down syndrome (DS) and the effect of exercise are unclear. So the purpose of this study was to investigate the muscle functions of people with DS and the effect of nine sessions throwing exercises on these patterns.
Methodology: The present study was semi-experimental with pre-test, post-test and follow-up method. In this regard, people with DS were randomly divided into two groups of exercise(n=17) and control(n=10) and performed the overhand throwing in three phases of pre-test, post-test and follow-up. The numbers of overhand throwing training sessions were nine for experimental group. In all three phases, data related to the kinetics chain and electromyography data to calculate the co activation index between biceps and triceps brachii muscles were recorded.
Results: The results of one-way ANOVA did not show any significant difference between the two groups in advantage from the kinetic chain in any of the test phases, but the results of intra-group comparisons showed that in the experimental group efficiency from use of the kinetic chain was improved in the post-test and follow-up. Also the co-activation index between the biceps and triceps brachii muscles in the experimental group compared to the control group decreased significantly in the post-test (F=10.013, P=0.004), but returned to the pre-test level in the follow-up (P>0.05).

Keywords

References

  1. Latash ML. Motor control in Down syndrome: The role of adaptation and practice. Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities. 1992 Sep 1;4(3):227-61.
  2. Vimercati SL, Galli M, Rigoldi C, Ancillao A, Albertini G. Motor strategies and motor programs during an arm tapping task in adults with Down Syndrome. Experimental brain research. 2013 Mar 1;225(3):333-8.
  3. Frith U, Frith CD. Specific motor disabilities in Downs syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1974 Oct 1;15(4):293-301.
  4. Latash ML. Learning motor synergies by persons with Down syndrome. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2007 Dec 1;51(12):962-71.
  5. Gimenez, R., Marquezi, M. L., Xavier Filho, E., & Manoel, E. D. J. (2018). A note on motor skill acquisition in mild and moderate Down syndrome individuals. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 30(1), 1-9.
  6. Latash ML, Kang N, Patterson D. Finger coordination in persons with Down syndrome: atypical patterns of coordination and the effects of practice. Experimental Brain Research. 2002 Oct 1;146(3):345-55.
  7. Horvat M, Croce R, Tomporowski P, Barna MC. The influence of dual-task conditions on movement in young adults with and without Down syndrome. Research in developmental disabilities. 2013 Oct 31;34(10):3517-25.
  8. Aruin AS, Almeida GL. A coactivation strategy in anticipatory postural adjustments in persons with Down syndrome. Motor Control. 1997 Apr;1(2):178-91.
  9. Anson, J. G., & Mawston, G. A. (2000). Patterns of muscle activation in simple reaction-time tasks. Perceptual-motor behavior in Down syndrome, 3-24.
  10. Fleisig GS, Barrentine SW, Escamilla RF, Andrews JR. Biomechanics of overhand throwing with implications for injuries. Sports Medicine. 1996 Jun 1;21(6):421-37.
  11. Hirashima M, Yamane K, Nakamura Y, Ohtsuki T. Kinetic chain of overarm throwing in terms of joint rotations revealed by induced acceleration analysis. Journal of biomechanics. 2008 Sep 18;41(13):2874-83.
  12. Senoo T, Namiki A, Ishikawa M. High-speed throwing motion based on kinetic chain approach. InIntelligent Robots and Systems, 2008. IROS 2008. IEEE/RSJ International Conference on 2008 Sep 22: pp. 3206-3211.
  13. Cross R. Physics of overarm throwing. American Journal of Physics. 2004 Mar;72(3):305-12.
  14. Hirashima M, Kadota H, Sakurai S, Kudo K, Ohtsuki T. Sequential muscle activity and its functional role in the upper extremity and trunk during overarm throwing. Journal of sports sciences. 2002 Jan 1;20(4):301-10.
  15. McGill SM, Grenier S, Kavcic N, Cholewicki J. Coordination of muscle activity to assure stability of the lumbar spine. Journal of electromyography and kinesiology. 2003 Aug 31;13(4):353-9.
  16. Latash ML, Anson JG. What are “normal movements” in atypical populations?. Behavioral and brain sciences. 1996 Mar;19(1):55-68.
  17. Torriani-Pasin C, Bonuzzi GM, Soares MA, Antunes GL, Palma GC, Monteiro CB, de Abreu LC, Valenti VE, Junior AP, Wajnsztejn R, Corrêa UC. Performance of Down syndrome subjects during a coincident timing task. International archives of medicine. 2013 Apr 24;6(1):15.
  18. Watson-Scales, S., Kalmar, B., Lana-Elola, E., Gibbins, D., La, F. R., Wiseman, F., ...&Mahmood, R. (2018). Analysis of motor dysfunction in Down Syndrome reveals motor neuron degeneration. PLoS genetics, 14(5), e1007383-e1007383.
  19. Elliott D, Bunn L. Motor disorders in children with intellectual disabilities. Developmental motor disorders: A neuropsychological perspective. 2004:137-51.
  20. Vimercati, S. L., Galli, M., Rigoldi, C., Ancillao, A., & Albertini, G. (2013b). Feedback reliance during an arm-tapping task with obstacle avoidance in adults with Down syndrome. Experimental brain research, 226(4), 631-638.
  21. Chimera NJ, Swanik KA, Swanik CB, Straub SJ. Effects of plyometric training on muscle-activation strategies and performance in female athletes. Journal of athletic training. 2004 Jan;39(1):24-31.
  22. Swinnen, S. P., Verschueren, S. M., &Dounskaia, N. (1996). Is motor pathology associated with setting new CNS priorities or with increased difficulty in overcoming or suppressing preexisting CNS priorities?.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,19(01), 87-88.
  23. Chung-Hoon K, Tracy BL, Marcus R, Dibble L, Burgess P, Lastayo PC. Effects of practice on variability of muscle force. Perceptual and motor skills. 2015 Apr;120(2):475-90.
  24. Zehr EP, Sale DG. Ballistic movement: muscle activation and neuromuscular adaptation. Canadian Journal of applied physiology. 1994 Dec 1;19(4):363-78.
  25. Morrison S, Anson JG. Natural Goal-Directecd Movements and the Triphasic EMG. Motor control. 1999 Oct;3(4):346-71.
  26. Henderson SE, Morris J, Frith U. The motor deficit in Down's syndrome children: A problem of timing?. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1981 Jul 1;22(3):233-45.
  27. Kerr R, Blais C. Motor skill acquisition by individuals with Down syndrome. American Journal of Mental Deficiency. 1985 Nov 90(3), 313-318.
  28. Carter K, Sunderman S, Burnett SW. The Effect of Vestibular Stimulation Exercises on Balance, Coordination, and Agility in Children with Down Syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience. 2018 May 31;6(2):28.
  29. Parrini M, Ghezzi D, Deidda G, Medrihan L, Castroflorio E, Alberti M, Baldelli P, Cancedda L, Contestabile A. Aerobic exercise and a BDNF-mimetic therapy rescue learning and memory in a mouse model of Down syndrome. Scientific reports. 2017 Dec 4;7(1):16825.
  30. Kerr R, Blais C. Down syndrome and extended practice of a complex motor task. American journal of mental deficiency. 1987 May;91(6):591-7.
  31. Aruin AS. The organization of anticipatory postural adjustments. Journal of Automatic control. 2002;12(1):31-7.
  32. Capio CM, Poolton JM, Sit CH, Eguia KF, Masters RS. Reduction of errors during practice facilitates fundamental movement skill learning in children with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research. 2013 Apr 1;57(4):295-305.
  33. Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. (1986). Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. The lancet, 327(8476), 307-310.
  34. Kelly, J. J. (2010). The role of functional foot orthoses on calcaneal and tibial kinematics: a clinical perspective using 3-dimensional motion analysis.Doctoral thesis. University of Limerick. Limerick. Ireland.
  35. Oksanen, A., Ylinen, J. J., Pöyhönen, T., Anttila, P., Laimi, K., Hiekkanen, H., &Salminen, J. J. (2007). Repeatability of electromyography and force measurements of the neck muscles in adolescents with and without headache. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, 17(4), 493-503.
  36. Seroyer ST, Nho SJ, Bach BR, Bush-Joseph CA, Nicholson GP, Romeo AA. The kinetic chain in overhand pitching: its potential role for performance enhancement and injury prevention. Sports Health. 2010 Mar;2(2):135-46.
  37. Chow JY, Davids K, Button C, Koh M. Organization of motor system degrees of freedom during the soccer chip: an analysis of skilled performance. International Journal of Sport Psychology. 2006;37(2/3):207-29.
  38. Anderson DL, Sidaway B. Coordination changes associated with practice of a soccer kick. Research quarterly for exercise and sport. 1994 Jun 1;65(2):93-9.
  39. Nagai K, Yamada M, Uemura K, Yamada Y, Ichihashi N, Tsuboyama T. Differences in muscle coactivation during postural control between healthy older and young adults. Archives of gerontology and geriatrics. 2011 Dec 31;53(3):338-43.
  40. Carvalho RL, Vasconcelos DA. Motor behavior in Down syndrome: atypical sensoriomotor control. InPrenatal diagnosis and screening for Down syndrome 2011. InTech. 33-43.
  41. De Graaf, G., Buckley, F., &Skotko, B. G. (2017). Estimation of the number of people with Down syndrome in the United States. Genetics in Medicine, 19(4), 439-447.
Journal of Sport Management and Motor Behavior
Volume 17, Issue 34 - Serial Number 34
November 2021
Pages 181-165

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics