Effect of Exercise Intervention on Motor Proficiency in 7-10 Years Old Boys with Developmental Coordination Disorder

Document Type : Research Paper

Abstract

 
Purpose & Background: Developmental Coordination Disorder or DCD refers to the children with coordination deficit who are without neurologic and medical problems. In this study, in order to make a physical training protocol to improve the motor performance of DCD children, the effect of some specific physical training on the DCD motor performance was investigated.
Method: This is an experimental pretest and posttest study. The subjects of study were 25 boys among the first to the fourth grade elementary school students from the district one of municipality in Tehran who were screened according to the 4th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorder. First, all the subjects took Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency as the pretest and then they were randomly divided into the experimental (13 subjects with 8.6±1.39 mean age) and the control groups (12 subjects with 8.11±1.15 mean age).The experimental group performed the selective movements for 20 sessions; three sessions per week. At the end of the period, both groups participated in the post test. The analysis of the covariance was used for the data analysis.
Results: The results showed that the experimental group improved significantly in the balance, bilateral coordination, upper limbs coordination, response speed, visual motor control and speed and dexterity of upper limbs(p0.05).
Discussion: Physical training interventions may improve the motor proficiency of children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD).   

Keywords


 
##American Psychiatric Association, “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: DSM-IV-TR,” (2000) American Psychiatric Association, Arlington.##Missiuna, C., Rivard, L., & Bartlett, D. (2003). Early identification and risk management of children with developmental coordination disorder. Pediatric Physical Therapy, 15(1), 32-38.##Sangster CA, Beninger C, Polatajko HJ, Mandich A. (2005). Cognitive strategy generation in children with developmental coordination disorder. Can J Occup Ther. 72(2): 67-77.##Carlsson M. (2000). Effects of motor skills intervention on developmental coordination disorder: A meta- analysis. Adapted physical activity quarterly. 17: 381-401.##Mandich AD, Polatajko HJ, Macnab JJ, Miller LT. (2001).Treatment of children with developmental coordination disorder: what is the evidence? Physical and Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics.20:51– 68.##Barnhart R, Davenport M, Epps S, Nordquist V. (2003). Developmental Coordination Disorder. Phys Ther. 83:
722-731.##Hamilton, S. S. (2002). Evaluation of clumsiness in children. American Family Physician, 66, 1435 – 1440.##Smits-Engelsman BC, Blank R, van der Kaay AC, Mosterd-van der Meijs R, Vlugt-van den Brand E, Polatajko HJ, et al. (2013). Efficacy of interventions to improve motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder: a combined systematic review and meta-analysis. Dev Med Child Neurol. 55(3): 229-37.##Gillberg C, Kadesjo B. (2003). Why bother about clumsiness? The implications of having developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Neural Plast. 10(1-2): 59-68.##Emck C, Bosscher R, Beek P, Doreleijers T. (2009). Gross motor performance and self-perceived motor competence in children with emotional, behavioural, and pervasive developmental disorders: a review. Dev Med Child Neurol. 51(7): 501-17.##Taylor S, Fayed, and Mandich A. (2007). CO-OP intervention for young children with Developmental Coordination Disorder. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health. 27: 124-130.##Harter, S. (1987). The determinants and mediational role of global self-worth in children. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), Contemporary topics in developmental psychology. New York: Wiley. P 219-242.##Lingam R, Hunt L, Golding J, Jongmans M, Emond A. (2009) .Prevalence of developmental coordination disorder using the DSM-IV at 7 years of age: a UK population-based study. Pediatrics. 123(4): 693-700.##Wisdom SN, Dyck MJ, Piek JP, Hay D, Hallmayer J. (2007). Can autism, language and coordination disorders be differentiated based on ability profiles? Eur Child Adolesc Phys. 16(3): 178-86.##Hillman, C. H., Buck, M., Themanson, J. R., Pontifex, M. B., & Castelli, D. M. (2009). Aerobic fitness and cognitive development: Event-related brain potential and task performance indices of executive control in preadolescent children. Developmental Psychology, 45(1), 114–129.##Roth, D. L., Goode, K. T., Clay, O. J., & Ball, K. K. (2003). Association of physical activity and visual attention in older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 15(3), 534–547.##Tsai, C. (2009). The effectiveness of exercise intervention on inhibitory control in children with developmental coordination disorder: using a visuospatial attention paradigm as a model. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 30, 1268-1280.##Tomporowski, P. D., Lambourne, K., & Okumura, M. S. (2011). Physical activity interventions and children’s mental function: An introduction and overview. Preventive Medicine, 52(Suppl. 1), S3–S9. ##Rueda, M. R., Rothbart, M. K., McCandliss, B. D., Saccomanno, L., & Posner, M. I. (2005). Training, maturation, and genetic influences on the development of executive attention. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of the America, 102(41), 14931–14936.##Johnstone, S.J., Dimoska, A., & Barry, R.J. (2006). The auditory evoked N2 and P3 components in the stop stignal task/ indices of inhibition, response-conflict or error detection? Brain and ognition, 62(2), 98-112.##Esmailzadeh M, Salehi H, Mansuri Sh. (2011). The effect of selective rhythmic movements on, hand- foot coordination in girl children with developmental coordination disorder. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 13(2): 46-51.[Persian]##Taheri Hosein Abadi M. (2009). The rate of developmental coordination disorder prevalence among male student of the second grade of elementary school located in the first region of Tehran. Thesis for MA degree. Tehran U. ##Delshad, M. (2009). The rate of developmental coordination disorder prevalence among female student of the second grade of elementary school located in the first region of Tehran. Thesis for MA degree. Tehran U. ##Salehi H, Afsorde Bakhshayesh R, Movahedi A, Ghasemi V. (2012). Psychometric properties of a Persian version of the developmental coordination disorder questionnaire in boys aged 6-11 year-old. Quarterly Psychology of Exceptional Individuals. 1(4): 135-61. [Persian].##Visser, J. (2003). Developmental coordination disorder: a review of research on subtypes and comorbidities. Human Movement Science, 22(4-5), 479-493.##Berg K, Latin R. (2008), Essentials of research in health, physical education, exercise science and recreation. Abdoli B, Ahmadi N, Azimzadeh E.3rd Edition. Elmo Harecat.thehran. P 360.[in persion]##Ball M. (2006). Developmental Coordination Disorder. Second Edition. London and Philadelphia. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.P 76. ##Sahebian F, Amiri S, Kajbaf M B and Abedi A. (2010). The Efficacy of Short-Term Executive Functions Training on the Reduction of Symptoms of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity of Elementary Boy Students in Esfahan Metropolitan Area. Advances in Cognitive Science. 12(1). 52-58: [in persion]##Dehghan F, Behnia F, Amiri N, Pishyareh E and Safarkhani M. (2010). The Effectiveness of Using Perceptual-Motor Practices onBehavioral Disorder among Five to Eight Year Old Children with Attention Deficit Hyper Activity Disorder. Advances in Cognitive Science.12 (3): 82-96. [Persian].##Aparo L. (2009). Influence of Sport Stacking on hand-eye coordination in children aged 7-11. Thesis for MA degree. European Master in Health and Physical activity. Italy. ##Salman Z, Shaykh M, Seifnaraghy M, Arabameri E, Aghapour M. (2010). The effect of perceptual motor training on Improve motor ability of elementary children with developmental coordination disorder in Tehran. Development & Motor Learning. 2: 47-63.##Piek JP, Dyck MJ, Nieman A, Anderson M, Hay D, Smith LM, et al. (2004). The relationship between motor coordination, executive functioning and attention in school aged children. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 19(8): 1063-76.##Visser J, Geuze RH, Kalverboer AF. (1998). the relationship between physical growth, the level of activity and the development of motor skills in adolescence: Differences between children with DCD and controls. Hum Mov Sci. 17(4-5): 573-608.##Tsai, C. L., Wang, C. H., & Tseng, K. T. (2012). Effects of exercise intervention on event-related potential and task performance indices of attention networks in children with developmental coordination disorder. Brain and Cognition. 79, 12–22.##Sims K, Hendersen SE, Morton J, Hulme C. (1996). The remediation of clumsiness, II: is kinaesthesis the answer? Dev Med Child Neurol.38:988 –997.##Gelman, R. (2000). Domain specificity and variability in cognitive development, 71, PP: 854-856.