The Effects of a Psychological Skills Training Program on the Performance of Forward Beach Soccer Players of Semnan

Document Type : Research Paper

Abstract

Purpose & Background: Nowadays, it is not possible to achieve success in sports without paying attention to the psychological skills. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of a psychological skills training program on the performance of forward beach soccer players of Semnan city. Methodology: For this purpose, three forward players on the Semnan city beach soccer team were selected through convenience sampling. This study utilized a single subject design with multiple baselines to examine the performance of successful and accurate heading, shooting, and passing. After the psychological skills training program was performed, pre and post treatment data was compared and their performance was calculated by the MBD index and the effect size of Cohen’s D.
Results: In this study, the subjects achieved 50.66% improvement (3.57 effect size) in exact heading, 52% improvement (3.4 effect size) in accurate shooting, and 54.46% improvement (3.61 effect size) in accurate passing, which indicate relative improvement and statistical significance.
Conclusion: The result of this study showed that PST (Psychological Skills Training) improves forward beach soccer players’ performance in regard to accurate heading, correct shooting, passing, and consequently their overall sport performance. This could potentially be a result of an increase in the athletes’ consciousness about their strengths and weaknesses. Therefore, it is suggested to coaches and sports psychologists to use these exercises to improve the performance of their athletes

Keywords

References

  1. Halvari H, Thomassen TO. Achievement motivation, sports-related future orientation, and sporting career. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 1997;123(3):343-66.
  2. Seiler R, Stock A. Handbuch Psychotraining im Sport: Methoden im Überblick: Rowohlt; 1994.
  3. VaezMousavi M, and Mosayebi, F. sport psychology. Tehran: In Persian.: Samt; 2012.
  4. Taylor J. A conceptual model for integrating athletes' needs and sport demands in the development of competitive mental preparation strategies. The Sport Psychologist. 1
  5. Swain A, Jones G. Effects of goal-setting interventions on selected basketball skills: A single-subject design. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1995;66(1):51-63.
  6. Johnson JJ, Hrycaiko DW, Johnson GV, Halas JM. Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. Sport Psychologist. 2004;18(1):44-59.
  7. Rogerson LJ, Hrycaiko DW. Enhancing competitive performance of ice hockey goaltenders using centering and self-talk. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2002;14(1):14-26.
  8. Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. Using psychological skills training to develop soccer performance. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2006;18(3):254-70.
  9. Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6E: Human Kinetics; 2014.
  10. Bell RJ, Skinner CH, Fisher LA. Decreasing putting yips in accomplished golfers via solution-focused guided imagery: A single-subject research design. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(1):1-14.
  11. Thomas O, Maynard I, Hanton S. Intervening with athletes during the time leading up to competition: Theory to practice II. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2007;19(4):398-418.
  12. Boutcher SH, Rotella RJ. A psychological skills educational program for closed-skill performance enhancement. The Sport Psychologist. 1987;1(2):127-37.
  13. Birrer D, Morgan G. Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete's performance in high‐intensity sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(s2):78-87.
  14. Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. Examining the use of psychological skills throughout soccer performance. Journal of Sport Behavior. 2010; 33(1):109.
  15. Papaioannou A, Ballon F, Theodorakis Y, Vanden AU, Wellee Y. Combined effect of goal setting and self-talk in performance of a soccer-shooting task 1, 2. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;98(1):89-99.
  16. Munroe-Chandler K, Hall C, Fishburne G. Playing with confidence: The relationship between imagery use and self-confidence and self-efficacy in youth soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(14):1539-46.
  17. Kazdin AE. Research design in clinical psychology. 2003.
  18. Alresheed F, Hott B, Bano C. Single subject research: A synthesis of analytic methods. Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship. 2013;2(1):1-18.
  19. Mastropieri MA, Scruggs TE. Early intervention for socially withdrawn children. The Journal of Special Education. 1985;19(4):429-41.
  20. Maggin DM, Briesch AM, Chafouleas SM. An application of the What Works Clearinghouse standards for evaluating single-subject research: Synthesis of the self-management literature base. Remedial and Special Education. 2012:0741932511435176.

21.Campbell, J. M. Efficacy of behavioral interventions for reducing problem behavior in persons with autism: A quantitative synthesis of single-subject research. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2003; 24, 120–138.

22.Barker, J. B., Mellalieu, S.D., McCarthy, P.J., Jones, M. V., Moran, A. A review of single-case research in sport psychology 1997–2012: Research Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2013; 25, 4–32.

23.Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.), NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1988.

24.Morgan, D. L., & Morgan, R. K. Single-case research methods for the behavioral and health sciences. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. 2009.

25.Manolov R, Solanas A. Percentage of nonoverlapping corrected data. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1262-71.

26.Wendt, O. Metaanalysis of single-subject experimental designs. Paper presented at the Panel “Roles of Single-Subject Experimental Designs in EBP Times” at the Annual Convention of the American Speech Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), Boston, MA. 2007.

27.Ingram RE, Hayes A, Scott W. Empirically supported treatments: A critical analysis: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2000.

28.Garfield CA, Bennent HZ. Peak Performance: Mental Training Techniques of the World's Greatest Athletes, 1984. JP Tarcher.160(5).

29.Burton D. Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexamining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1988;10(1):45-61.

30.Weinberg RS, Hunt VV. The interrelationships between anxiety, motor performance and electromyography. Journal of Motor Behavior. 1976;8(3):219-24.

31.Murphy SM, Jowdy DP. Imagery and mental practice: Human Kinetics Publishers; 1992.

32.Cox RH. Sport psychology: Concepts and applications: McGraw-Hill; 1998.

33.Yerkes R, Dodson J. The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-infomation. Journal of Comparative Neurology of Psychology.1908; 28,459-82.

34.Fournier JF, Calmels C, Durand‐Bush N, Salmela JH. Effects of a season‐long PST program on gymnastic performance and on psychological skill development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2005;3(1):59-78.

35.Gucciardi DF, Gordon S, Dimmock JA. Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: I. A quantitative analysis. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(3):307-23.

36.Gardner F, Moore Z. Clinical sport psychology: Human kinetics; 2006.

37.Freitas S, Dias C, Fonseca A. Psychological Skills Training Applied to Soccer: A Systematic Review Based on Research Methodologies. Review of European Studies. 2013;5(5):18.

38.Gratton C, Jones I. Analyzing data II: Qualitative data analysis, Research methods for sport studies. New York: Routledge; 2004.

 

 

 

  1. Halvari H, Thomassen TO. Achievement motivation, sports-related future orientation, and sporting career. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 1997;123(3):343-66.
  2. Seiler R, Stock A. Handbuch Psychotraining im Sport: Methoden im Überblick: Rowohlt; 1994.
  3. VaezMousavi M, and Mosayebi, F. sport psychology. Tehran: In Persian.: Samt; 2012.
  4. Taylor J. A conceptual model for integrating athletes' needs and sport demands in the development of competitive mental preparation strategies. The Sport Psychologist. 1
  5. Swain A, Jones G. Effects of goal-setting interventions on selected basketball skills: A single-subject design. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1995;66(1):51-63.
  6. Johnson JJ, Hrycaiko DW, Johnson GV, Halas JM. Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. Sport Psychologist. 2004;18(1):44-59.
  7. Rogerson LJ, Hrycaiko DW. Enhancing competitive performance of ice hockey goaltenders using centering and self-talk. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2002;14(1):14-26.
  8. Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. Using psychological skills training to develop soccer performance. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2006;18(3):254-70.
  9. Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6E: Human Kinetics; 2014.
  10. Bell RJ, Skinner CH, Fisher LA. Decreasing putting yips in accomplished golfers via solution-focused guided imagery: A single-subject research design. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(1):1-14.
  11. Thomas O, Maynard I, Hanton S. Intervening with athletes during the time leading up to competition: Theory to practice II. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2007;19(4):398-418.
  12. Boutcher SH, Rotella RJ. A psychological skills educational program for closed-skill performance enhancement. The Sport Psychologist. 1987;1(2):127-37.
  13. Birrer D, Morgan G. Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete's performance in high‐intensity sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(s2):78-87.
  14. Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. Examining the use of psychological skills throughout soccer performance. Journal of Sport Behavior. 2010; 33(1):109.
  15. Papaioannou A, Ballon F, Theodorakis Y, Vanden AU, Wellee Y. Combined effect of goal setting and self-talk in performance of a soccer-shooting task 1, 2. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;98(1):89-99.
  16. Munroe-Chandler K, Hall C, Fishburne G. Playing with confidence: The relationship between imagery use and self-confidence and self-efficacy in youth soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(14):1539-46.
  17. Kazdin AE. Research design in clinical psychology. 2003.
  18. Alresheed F, Hott B, Bano C. Single subject research: A synthesis of analytic methods. Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship. 2013;2(1):1-18.
  19. Mastropieri MA, Scruggs TE. Early intervention for socially withdrawn children. The Journal of Special Education. 1985;19(4):429-41.
  20. Maggin DM, Briesch AM, Chafouleas SM. An application of the What Works Clearinghouse standards for evaluating single-subject research: Synthesis of the self-management literature base. Remedial and Special Education. 2012:0741932511435176.

21.Campbell, J. M. Efficacy of behavioral interventions for reducing problem behavior in persons with autism: A quantitative synthesis of single-subject research. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2003; 24, 120–138.

22.Barker, J. B., Mellalieu, S.D., McCarthy, P.J., Jones, M. V., Moran, A. A review of single-case research in sport psychology 1997–2012: Research Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2013; 25, 4–32.

23.Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.), NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1988.

24.Morgan, D. L., & Morgan, R. K. Single-case research methods for the behavioral and health sciences. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. 2009.

25.Manolov R, Solanas A. Percentage of nonoverlapping corrected data. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1262-71.

26.Wendt, O. Metaanalysis of single-subject experimental designs. Paper presented at the Panel “Roles of Single-Subject Experimental Designs in EBP Times” at the Annual Convention of the American Speech Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), Boston, MA. 2007.

27.Ingram RE, Hayes A, Scott W. Empirically supported treatments: A critical analysis: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2000.

28.Garfield CA, Bennent HZ. Peak Performance: Mental Training Techniques of the World's Greatest Athletes, 1984. JP Tarcher.160(5).

29.Burton D. Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexamining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1988;10(1):45-61.

30.Weinberg RS, Hunt VV. The interrelationships between anxiety, motor performance and electromyography. Journal of Motor Behavior. 1976;8(3):219-24.

31.Murphy SM, Jowdy DP. Imagery and mental practice: Human Kinetics Publishers; 1992.

32.Cox RH. Sport psychology: Concepts and applications: McGraw-Hill; 1998.

33.Yerkes R, Dodson J. The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-infomation. Journal of Comparative Neurology of Psychology.1908; 28,459-82.

34.Fournier JF, Calmels C, Durand‐Bush N, Salmela JH. Effects of a season‐long PST program on gymnastic performance and on psychological skill development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2005;3(1):59-78.

35.Gucciardi DF, Gordon S, Dimmock JA. Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: I. A quantitative analysis. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(3):307-23.

36.Gardner F, Moore Z. Clinical sport psychology: Human kinetics; 2006.

37.Freitas S, Dias C, Fonseca A. Psychological Skills Training Applied to Soccer: A Systematic Review Based on Research Methodologies. Review of European Studies. 2013;5(5):18.

38.Gratton C, Jones I. Analyzing data II: Qualitative data analysis, Research methods for sport studies. New York: Routledge; 2004.

  1. Halvari H, Thomassen TO. Achievement motivation, sports-related future orientation, and sporting career. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 1997;123(3):343-66.
  2. Seiler R, Stock A. Handbuch Psychotraining im Sport: Methoden im Überblick: Rowohlt; 1994.
  3. VaezMousavi M, and Mosayebi, F. sport psychology. Tehran: In Persian.: Samt; 2012.
  4. Taylor J. A conceptual model for integrating athletes' needs and sport demands in the development of competitive mental preparation strategies. The Sport Psychologist. 1
  5. Swain A, Jones G. Effects of goal-setting interventions on selected basketball skills: A single-subject design. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1995;66(1):51-63.
  6. Johnson JJ, Hrycaiko DW, Johnson GV, Halas JM. Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. Sport Psychologist. 2004;18(1):44-59.
  7. Rogerson LJ, Hrycaiko DW. Enhancing competitive performance of ice hockey goaltenders using centering and self-talk. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2002;14(1):14-26.
  8. Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. Using psychological skills training to develop soccer performance. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2006;18(3):254-70.
  9. Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6E: Human Kinetics; 2014.
  10. Bell RJ, Skinner CH, Fisher LA. Decreasing putting yips in accomplished golfers via solution-focused guided imagery: A single-subject research design. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(1):1-14.
  11. Thomas O, Maynard I, Hanton S. Intervening with athletes during the time leading up to competition: Theory to practice II. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2007;19(4):398-418.
  12. Boutcher SH, Rotella RJ. A psychological skills educational program for closed-skill performance enhancement. The Sport Psychologist. 1987;1(2):127-37.
  13. Birrer D, Morgan G. Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete's performance in high‐intensity sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(s2):78-87.
  14. Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. Examining the use of psychological skills throughout soccer performance. Journal of Sport Behavior. 2010; 33(1):109.
  15. Papaioannou A, Ballon F, Theodorakis Y, Vanden AU, Wellee Y. Combined effect of goal setting and self-talk in performance of a soccer-shooting task 1, 2. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;98(1):89-99.
  16. Munroe-Chandler K, Hall C, Fishburne G. Playing with confidence: The relationship between imagery use and self-confidence and self-efficacy in youth soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(14):1539-46.
  17. Kazdin AE. Research design in clinical psychology. 2003.
  18. Alresheed F, Hott B, Bano C. Single subject research: A synthesis of analytic methods. Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship. 2013;2(1):1-18.
  19. Mastropieri MA, Scruggs TE. Early intervention for socially withdrawn children. The Journal of Special Education. 1985;19(4):429-41.
  20. Maggin DM, Briesch AM, Chafouleas SM. An application of the What Works Clearinghouse standards for evaluating single-subject research: Synthesis of the self-management literature base. Remedial and Special Education. 2012:0741932511435176.

21.Campbell, J. M. Efficacy of behavioral interventions for reducing problem behavior in persons with autism: A quantitative synthesis of single-subject research. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2003; 24, 120–138.

22.Barker, J. B., Mellalieu, S.D., McCarthy, P.J., Jones, M. V., Moran, A. A review of single-case research in sport psychology 1997–2012: Research Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2013; 25, 4–32.

23.Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.), NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1988.

24.Morgan, D. L., & Morgan, R. K. Single-case research methods for the behavioral and health sciences. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. 2009.

25.Manolov R, Solanas A. Percentage of nonoverlapping corrected data. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1262-71.

26.Wendt, O. Metaanalysis of single-subject experimental designs. Paper presented at the Panel “Roles of Single-Subject Experimental Designs in EBP Times” at the Annual Convention of the American Speech Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), Boston, MA. 2007.

27.Ingram RE, Hayes A, Scott W. Empirically supported treatments: A critical analysis: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2000.

28.Garfield CA, Bennent HZ. Peak Performance: Mental Training Techniques of the World's Greatest Athletes, 1984. JP Tarcher.160(5).

29.Burton D. Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexamining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1988;10(1):45-61.

30.Weinberg RS, Hunt VV. The interrelationships between anxiety, motor performance and electromyography. Journal of Motor Behavior. 1976;8(3):219-24.

31.Murphy SM, Jowdy DP. Imagery and mental practice: Human Kinetics Publishers; 1992.

32.Cox RH. Sport psychology: Concepts and applications: McGraw-Hill; 1998.

33.Yerkes R, Dodson J. The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-infomation. Journal of Comparative Neurology of Psychology.1908; 28,459-82.

34.Fournier JF, Calmels C, Durand‐Bush N, Salmela JH. Effects of a season‐long PST program on gymnastic performance and on psychological skill development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2005;3(1):59-78.

35.Gucciardi DF, Gordon S, Dimmock JA. Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: I. A quantitative analysis. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(3):307-23.

36.Gardner F, Moore Z. Clinical sport psychology: Human kinetics; 2006.

37.Freitas S, Dias C, Fonseca A. Psychological Skills Training Applied to Soccer: A Systematic Review Based on Research Methodologies. Review of European Studies. 2013;5(5):18.

38.Gratton C, Jones I. Analyzing data II: Qualitative data analysis, Research methods for sport studies. New York: Routledge; 2004.

 

 

 

  1. Halvari H, Thomassen TO. Achievement motivation, sports-related future orientation, and sporting career. Genet Soc Gen Psychol Monogr. 1997;123(3):343-66.
  2. Seiler R, Stock A. Handbuch Psychotraining im Sport: Methoden im Überblick: Rowohlt; 1994.
  3. VaezMousavi M, and Mosayebi, F. sport psychology. Tehran: In Persian.: Samt; 2012.
  4. Taylor J. A conceptual model for integrating athletes' needs and sport demands in the development of competitive mental preparation strategies. The Sport Psychologist. 1
  5. Swain A, Jones G. Effects of goal-setting interventions on selected basketball skills: A single-subject design. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1995;66(1):51-63.
  6. Johnson JJ, Hrycaiko DW, Johnson GV, Halas JM. Self-talk and female youth soccer performance. Sport Psychologist. 2004;18(1):44-59.
  7. Rogerson LJ, Hrycaiko DW. Enhancing competitive performance of ice hockey goaltenders using centering and self-talk. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2002;14(1):14-26.
  8. Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. Using psychological skills training to develop soccer performance. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2006;18(3):254-70.
  9. Weinberg RS, Gould D. Foundations of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 6E: Human Kinetics; 2014.
  10. Bell RJ, Skinner CH, Fisher LA. Decreasing putting yips in accomplished golfers via solution-focused guided imagery: A single-subject research design. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(1):1-14.
  11. Thomas O, Maynard I, Hanton S. Intervening with athletes during the time leading up to competition: Theory to practice II. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2007;19(4):398-418.
  12. Boutcher SH, Rotella RJ. A psychological skills educational program for closed-skill performance enhancement. The Sport Psychologist. 1987;1(2):127-37.
  13. Birrer D, Morgan G. Psychological skills training as a way to enhance an athlete's performance in high‐intensity sports. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010;20(s2):78-87.
  14. Thelwell RC, Greenlees IA, Weston NJ. Examining the use of psychological skills throughout soccer performance. Journal of Sport Behavior. 2010; 33(1):109.
  15. Papaioannou A, Ballon F, Theodorakis Y, Vanden AU, Wellee Y. Combined effect of goal setting and self-talk in performance of a soccer-shooting task 1, 2. Percept Mot Skills. 2004;98(1):89-99.
  16. Munroe-Chandler K, Hall C, Fishburne G. Playing with confidence: The relationship between imagery use and self-confidence and self-efficacy in youth soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2008;26(14):1539-46.
  17. Kazdin AE. Research design in clinical psychology. 2003.
  18. Alresheed F, Hott B, Bano C. Single subject research: A synthesis of analytic methods. Journal of Special Education Apprenticeship. 2013;2(1):1-18.
  19. Mastropieri MA, Scruggs TE. Early intervention for socially withdrawn children. The Journal of Special Education. 1985;19(4):429-41.
  20. Maggin DM, Briesch AM, Chafouleas SM. An application of the What Works Clearinghouse standards for evaluating single-subject research: Synthesis of the self-management literature base. Remedial and Special Education. 2012:0741932511435176.

21.Campbell, J. M. Efficacy of behavioral interventions for reducing problem behavior in persons with autism: A quantitative synthesis of single-subject research. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 2003; 24, 120–138.

22.Barker, J. B., Mellalieu, S.D., McCarthy, P.J., Jones, M. V., Moran, A. A review of single-case research in sport psychology 1997–2012: Research Trends and Future Directions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 2013; 25, 4–32.

23.Cohen, J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.), NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 1988.

24.Morgan, D. L., & Morgan, R. K. Single-case research methods for the behavioral and health sciences. Los Angeles, CA: Sage. 2009.

25.Manolov R, Solanas A. Percentage of nonoverlapping corrected data. Behav Res Methods. 2009;41(4):1262-71.

26.Wendt, O. Metaanalysis of single-subject experimental designs. Paper presented at the Panel “Roles of Single-Subject Experimental Designs in EBP Times” at the Annual Convention of the American Speech Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), Boston, MA. 2007.

27.Ingram RE, Hayes A, Scott W. Empirically supported treatments: A critical analysis: John Wiley & Sons Inc; 2000.

28.Garfield CA, Bennent HZ. Peak Performance: Mental Training Techniques of the World's Greatest Athletes, 1984. JP Tarcher.160(5).

29.Burton D. Do anxious swimmers swim slower? Reexamining the elusive anxiety-performance relationship. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 1988;10(1):45-61.

30.Weinberg RS, Hunt VV. The interrelationships between anxiety, motor performance and electromyography. Journal of Motor Behavior. 1976;8(3):219-24.

31.Murphy SM, Jowdy DP. Imagery and mental practice: Human Kinetics Publishers; 1992.

32.Cox RH. Sport psychology: Concepts and applications: McGraw-Hill; 1998.

33.Yerkes R, Dodson J. The relation of strength of stimulus to rapidity of habit-infomation. Journal of Comparative Neurology of Psychology.1908; 28,459-82.

34.Fournier JF, Calmels C, Durand‐Bush N, Salmela JH. Effects of a season‐long PST program on gymnastic performance and on psychological skill development. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology. 2005;3(1):59-78.

35.Gucciardi DF, Gordon S, Dimmock JA. Evaluation of a mental toughness training program for youth-aged Australian footballers: I. A quantitative analysis. J Appl Sport Psychol. 2009;21(3):307-23.

36.Gardner F, Moore Z. Clinical sport psychology: Human kinetics; 2006.

37.Freitas S, Dias C, Fonseca A. Psychological Skills Training Applied to Soccer: A Systematic Review Based on Research Methodologies. Review of European Studies. 2013;5(5):18.

38.Gratton C, Jones I. Analyzing data II: Qualitative data analysis, Research methods for sport studies. New York: Routledge; 2004.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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